The Evacuation Of Japanese American - 891 Words

The evacuation of Japanese-American’s in the West Coast is seen as one of the darkest times in American history. The rising tension between the United States and Japan, leading up to the Attack on Pearl Harbor, made the decision for the evacuation much easier. Military and political motives both played a vital role in the action to separate Japanese-Americans from the rest of society during the 1940s. The purpose plays a very large role in the constitutionality of each case, as one has a stronger case than the other. Regardless if the evacuation was constitutional or not, the morality of it is still the same. The growing animosity between Japan and the United States was clear, even before the Attack on Pearl Harbor. The Spanish-American War of 1898 gave the United States Guam and the Philippines, which Japan saw as part of the sphere of influence. Outside superpowers also saw the competition between Japan and the United States, as Lenin said that they â€Å"cannot live in pea ce on the shores of the pacific†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and, â€Å"that war is brewing† (p.2). In 1882 the United States passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which created a long period of racial tension towards Asia-Americans during its time. Although the competition was growing between the two nations, the United States Congress passed the 1924 Immigration Act that made it much easier for trans-pacific immigration. This saw an increase of immigrants from Japan into the West Coast grow dramatically. With the growing tension betweenShow MoreRelatedJapanese Internment : The United States1316 Words   |  6 Pagesof 1942, the United States placed some 110,000 persons of Japanese descent in protective custody. Two out of every three of these were American citizens by birth; one-third were aliens forbidden by law to be citizens. There was no reason for us to try and get rid of all of our Japanese-Americans.There was 3 main causes of Japanese-Internment. One reason was because at the time th ere was a lot of racism in America. Another reason for Japanese-Internment was Within three months after transportationRead MoreThe United States And Japan1158 Words   |  5 Pagesto reduce the increasingly growing number of Japanese immigrants in the West Coast. Subsequent regulations placed on the Japanese in the United States made them aggravated. There was serious trouble brewing between the United States and Japan until the Japanese carried out attacks on Pearl Harbour in December 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor there was increased spread of propaganda from the press and local leaders against the people with Japanese roots. There were numerous calls to the CongressRead MoreAnalysis Of Hotel On The Corner Of Bitter And Sweet934 Words   |  4 Pagesconflicted and volatile times in American history. The time period of the story is after the Pearl Harbor boomed and the internment of American-Japanese families during the World War II. â€Å"Hotel of the corner bitter and sweet† is a historical fiction book, and the story moves back and forth the two generation. One generation belonged in the 1940s World War II, in San Francisco and the other generation in the 1980s. Henry, who is Chinese boy and Keiko who is Japanese girl are the main character inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Farewell Of Manzanar By F. Scott Fitzgerald1048 Words   |  5 Pagesthe life of a seven years old child whose name is Wakatsuki, and his American family of Japanese descent who lives in Santa Monica, California. In the early 40s after the attack on Pearl Harbor, her father (Yuki Shimoda) is accused of selling Japanese submarine fuel and he is imprisoned. After the he is arrested, his family is sent to an internment camp in Manzanar, California, along with them many people with Japanese American descent. Farewell to Manzanar exposes not only what happened to Wakatsuki’sRead MoreThe United States And The American Internme nt Camp At All1356 Words   |  6 Pagesnot forced to live in an internment camp at all. The government found ways to interject its own American rhetoric into lessons, seeing as Japanese was not allowed to be spoken and lessons included â€Å"democratic ideals† as well as more English lessons with the idea the children must go home and teach their parents how to speak it, which completely disregarded the fact that many of the internees were American citizens born and raised here in the United States. Miss Jamison’s writings touch on this exactRead MoreEssay on Japanese American Internment Camps1044 Words   |  5 PagesWas the internment of Japanese Americans a compulsory act of justice or was it an unwarranted, redundant act of tyranny which breached upon the rights of Japanese Americans? During World War II thousands of Japanese Americans were told by government officials that they had twenty-four hours to pack their things, get rid of any belongings of theirs, and to sell their businesses away for less than retail value. Although many people thought the Japanese American internment was needed to ensure U.S.Read MoreJustice for All Except Persons of Japanese Descent Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesAll Except Persons of Japanese Descent America#8230; Land of the free and home of the brave. Land of the free#8230; Land of the free#8230; Funny that the land of the free would steal away the lives of 119,000 individuals simply because they looked different. Nothing like good old irony to bring a country together. During the late 1800s, there was a large rise in the immigration of Japanese to the U.S, much to the dismay of many American citizens. The Japanese have long been discriminatedRead MoreJapanese American Internment Essay610 Words   |  3 Pagesshown through the issue of Japanese American internment camps (UDHR). First, the problem of Japanese American internment began in the 1940’s, when World War II left it’s mark on America (Ng xi). On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese Empire bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, taking the lives of thousands and leaving Americans distraught and furious (Ng xi). According to the  ¨Relocation Incarceration of Japanese Americans During World War II article from the Japanese American Relocation Archives (JARDA)Read MoreThe Executive Order 9066 and Its Effects on Japanese American Victims1446 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame a reality for the Japanese when President Franklin Roosevelt passed the Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, which allowed the government authorized the internment of tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese ancestry and resident aliens from Japan. Over 120,000 innocent citizens of California, Arizona, and Oregon faced unjust and unconstitutional treatments by their own government, who was supposed to protect citizen ’s rights but made the Japanese feel the complete oppositeRead MoreThe Vietnam And Desert Exile904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe relationship between the U.S. and Japan was at its worst, many Japanese- Americans faced discrimination and injustice. Americans claimed that this needed to be done as a national emergency and for the peace of the nation. From the sources â€Å"War Message† by Franklin D. Roosevelt and â€Å"Desert Exile† by Yoshiko Uchida we can piece together the events that led to discrimination against the Japanese and how it affected Japanese- Americans. Following the brutal events of World War I, America decided to

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Uchicago Essay Topics That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Uchicago Essay Topics That Only a Few People Know Exist If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. It's usually not a great concept to lead with a quote. You've got an excellent future ahead of you, kid even if you decide to need just a little work by means of your punctuation and grammar. As a consequence, we've got a language composed of many languages, with words from totally different sources sharing the exact same space. It's deactivated, stuck in a limbo that can't be avoided, until the author makes the decision to return it to the page. You might also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. When it's your top option, be sure to state that as well. Our crew of writers who provide this sort of assistance will be pleased to earn a job-winning resume for you. Bear in mi nd that you're not attempting to educate the Admissions Committee in regards to the law or any specific matter. Furthermore, the RH and RAs are wholly trained to create a warm, family-like atmosphere. Uchicago Essay Topics Secrets After you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin searching for an appropriate writer for your paper. Her homonymic invitation is deeply about the nature of English. Need an amazing uchicago paper. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Basically, schools are interested in students who will take advantage of all of the exceptional opportunities they offer so they possess the biggest impact at the school and if they're alumni. High school isn't free in Kenya. My life is definitely a river of cheese though. We'll manage them, and for an affordable price, as we understand that students typically don't have plenty of money to spare. Every student demands help with homework from time to time. Our college interview help will help you become prepped for the big moment. While I may never find out just what the lives of these women are like, the simple fact that we both enjoy the exact dramas lets us bridge the gap between our disparate conditions. You don't need to cover your whole life story. In reality, one of my very best friends in the entire world is from a totally different social, economic, and racial background. Instead it prescribes a means to read. Should you need quotes from a particular work you're studying, the perfect matter to make certain it's by a recognized critic instead of merely a student essay. Furthermore, UChicago asks you to compose this essay to make sure that you and their school are a great fit for one another. Complimenting the ideal college essay. How to compose a very good college essay. To create an outstanding essay, you need to use all of your creativity and writing skills. Essay topics aren't restricted to the area of Latin American studies. In this column, you will encounter unique why uchicago essay examples and unconventional answers you should study if you would like to impress the review committee and become enrolled. Discursive essay competition within this user has arrived from experts get the very best essay topics. The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. You have five essay options or the opportunity to create your own topic. Nowadays it's very hard to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. The 2nd supplemental essay ought to be much simpler than the very first, but it doesn't mean that you can slack off.

Corporate Social Responsibility Enhances Corporate Reputation

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility Enhances Corporate Reputation. Answer: Introduction: This particular study has provided an in-depth understanding about the importance of corporate social responsibility in order to build the reputation of an organization. Corporate social responsibility is nothing but a business approach that helps an organization for a sustainable development by providing sound economic as well as social environmental benefits for both the internal as well as external stakeholder. This particular proposal has selected DhiraaguPLCas the chosen company. DhiraaguPLCis one of the largest telecommunication operators occupying a predominant place throughout Maldives.Through this particular research proposal, the study would like to discuss whether corporate social responsibility is at all able to enhance the organizational reputation of Dhiraagu (dhiraagu.com.mv). Research background It has been observed that corporate social responsibility has become one of the major missions and visions of DhiraaguPLC. DhiraaguPLCis able to expand their widespread wings throughout Maldives. This particular organization is the only operator who is able to link Maldives from extreme North to extreme South(Baumann-Paulyet al. 2013). As they have already creates a market demand in Maldives, the organization aims to enter into the international market. Therefore,corporate social responsibilityis one of the major ways to draw the attention of international customers and to build the image of an organization as well. Problem Statement This particular research proposal has chosen the effectiveness of corporate social responsibilityas the major way of creating the image of an organization. By selecting DhiraaguPLC, the researcher would like to make an effective case study on it. The primary concern of the researcher would be how corporate social responsibility of DhiraaguPLCis able to draw the attention of stakeholders(Brammer, JacksonandMatten 2012). In order to focus on this particular subject, the researcher would like to point out various CSR activities conducted by this organization for earning a good image and reputation. The activities include empower and grow, care for children, relief of the disaster victims, maintaining pollution at the environment and so many. Research Objective The primary objectives of the research proposal would be as follows: To understand the importance of CSR for the betterment of an organization To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of corporate social responsibility To identify the factors that affects highly for maintaining CSR at the workplace Research Question: Is corporate social responsibility at all fruitful for the development of a business organization? What are the impacts of CSR for a business organization? What is the primary factor affecting CSR at the workplace? Research Significance CSR activity has become as one of the most importantways to create the attention of the stakeholders. DhiraaguPLCafter launching this particular business approach has already occupied a predominant place in the multinational market. Therefore, the researcher has selected this particular topic as a matter of research proposal(Campbell, Edenand Miller2012). Corporate social responsibility of DhiraaguPLCwould be discussed in detail throughout the entire study. Research limitation The entire research is based on case study. A detailed information and knowledge has been provided regarding the CSR activities of DhiraaguPLC. Therefore, it would be very much time consuming for the researcher to collect sufficient data and information from the case study(de Grosbois2012). In addition, conducting an entire research work is very cost effective as well. Definition of terms Corporate Social Responsible is the business approach that most of the business organizations tend to follow in order to deal with the customers effectively(Deng Kangand Low2013). This particular business approach tends to deliver social, environmental and economic advantages to both the internal and the external stakeholder. Research background mainly highlights the previous context of the research issue because of which the researcher intends to deal with the topic Problem statement mainly identifies the research issue. In this particular research proposal, the researcher has focused to deal with the importance of CSR for enhancing the business process of Research objectives help the researcher to set the research goal in order to accomplish the project successfully Research significance primarily focuses to highlight the reason of conducting this particular topic as a matter of research proposal. Research Gap: In this particular research proposal, the researcher has primarily focused on the secondary data instead of primary.Various effective case studies have been conducted regarding the CSR processes of Dhiraagu PLC. This has been considered as a major research gap. Along with the case studies, the researcher should collect data and information by involving a large number of employees from Dhiraagu PLC. However, for this proposal, the researcher would only select 51 people for gathering data. Literature Review Introduction Literature reviewis the evaluation of informationthat helps the researcher to gather an in-depth knowledge regarding a specific topic. With the help of various article reviews, the researcher would like to analyze the point of views of numerous authors. By evaluating the contradictory opinions, the researcher would focus tocome into a complete solution(Duand Vieira Jr2012). However, the topic of this particular research proposal is the effectiveness of CSR activity for gaining the organizational reputation. In the part of literature review, one effective previous literature review has been conductedn order to highlight the point of view of a particular author. After discussing the concept of corporate social responsibility, the researcher would like to discuss the importance of CSR and factors affecting CSR within the organization. Related literature review The articleThe impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness, published by Servaes and Tamayo (2013), provides a deep insight regarding the relation between corporate social responsibility and firm value. CSR enhances the value of a particular firm by creating awareness on the mind of customers. This particular business practice is able to draw the attention of the customers. Therefore, CSR has been considered as one of the major practices for building the reputation of an organization(Eberle, Berensand Li2013). The author in this particular article has mentioned that corporate social responsibility is one of the major tools of promoting the products as well as image of a particular organization. Promotion would be effective only when the target customers would like to pay their attention towards this particular brand and products. However, with the help of CSR activities, the products can reach to the doorsteps of the people of various geogr aphical areas. In order to highlight the impact of CSR, the author has focused to discuss both the positive as well as negative impact of this business practice. One of the major positive impacts of CSR is that both the internal as well as external stakeholders get necessary benefits and facilities due to this particular business approach(Edmans2012). Apart from providing a better remuneration to the employees, the organization tends to satisfy the needs and demands of the employees from every aspect. At the same time, this specific business practice is not devoid of some of its negative effects as well. Corporate social responsibility renders the economic crisis of an organization(Filatotchevand Nakajima2014). If one particular business organization is not very much strong financially, CSR seems to be a luxury to them. The company should concentrate on evaluating the strength of their market first rather than involving themselves in the CSR activity. The concept of corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibilityis one of the most important business practices,whichaim to deal with the betterment of the society.It is nothing but a business strategy that most of the business organizations tend to follow for drawing the attention of stakeholders, be it internal or external stakeholders(Homburg, Stierland Bornemann2013). Corporate social responsibilities have been categorized in several aspects that include environmental efforts, philanthropy, practice of ethical labor and volunteering. Environmental efforts: Both the internal as well as external environmental factors are highly important for conducting the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility for an organization. Internal environment includes effective employee relation at the workplace, co-operative management style, good relation in between the managers and the employers and so many. On the other hand, external environment includes political factors of the place where the company is situated(Hopkins2012). The social and cultural environment is also very important to maintain corporate social responsibility at the workplace. Therefore, without creating a suitable environment inside and outside the business organization, the managers would never be able to maintain CSR activity at the workplace. Philanthropy: Business organizations like to fulfill their corporate social responsibilities by helping the national as well as regional charitable organizations. It is one of the most effective parts of their business plan and policies(JoandHarjoto2012). By helping charitable organizations, the business companies can easily draw the attention of the customers. Ethical labor: In order to get the best services from the employees, business organizations like to provide necessary benefits and facilities to the employees inside the workplace. The managers should not interact with the employees in such a way that employees do not like to hesitate for sharing any kind of problem regarding the job profile (Khan, Muttakinand Siddiqui2013). In addition, the managers would not like to create any kind of health issuewith the employees. Volunteering: Volunteer service indicates that the managers like to appoint some of the employees for volunteer services. Those volunteer service providers like to give free services to the customers. Free services indicate selling the concept of their product by making a direct communication with the customers(Kimand Li2014). While communicating directly, the volunteers have been instructed to provide some free samples as well. As a result, the customers would automatically gain a good impression about the organization. The importance of corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility is truly important for the development of a business process. The importance of corporate social responsibility is as follows: Creating a better public image: After conducting an effective social responsibility, the company would be automatically able to gain the public image. The primary purpose of CSR is to help the society in such a way that people of different geographical areas can pay their attention to use the service and products of that specific organization(Kitzmuellerand Shimshack2012). Most of the important CSR activities can be mentioned such as disaster relief, saving the under aged children, food delivery at the time of flood and so many. Boosting the employee engagement: Employees would like to show their interest in those companies, which have already brought a prestige. Reputed companies already boost the energy of employees for performing well on the stage(Lanisand Richardson2012). Therefore, the boost of employees engagement is highly important on the reputation of that specific company. The managers can make an effective communication with the employees as well as with the customers. With the help of strong communication, the managers would like to deal with the employees cordially. Providing good communication is the ultimate way of satisfying the needs and demands of the customers. Retaining the investor: Investors always intend to stand beside those companies, which have showed their demand on the market. As per the point of the invertors, money should be utilized properly instead of scattering it. Employees should get equal respect and dignity from the managers. The service providers should interact with the customers in such a way that customers do not like to hesitate for using the service process of this particular organization(Leeet al. 2012). However, whenever, a particular organization likes to provide money to any kind of non-profit organization, the investors like to show their interest for making the sponsorship more effectively among the television kings and queens. Factors that affect conducting CSR within an organization Factors that affect conducting CSR within an organization are as follows: Lack of sufficient internal resource: Internal resource implies economic strength. In order to maintain CSR activities, the business organization has to strong economically. For an example, in order to conduct a child relief program, the organization should have an economic strength to take the responsibilities of those children(MarquisandQian2013). Therefore, money has been considered as the first priority without the assistance of which the company would never be able to make CSR at the workplace. The lack of financial resource highly affects the entire rhythm of CSR activities. In-perfect business ethics inside the organization: Maintaining corporate social responsibility is one of the most effective parts of business ethics. As per the business value, culture and belief, the organization needs to maintain some major social responsibility for the wellbeing of the social people. It ultimately helps to build the image of that particular organization as well. If the business organization tends to run their business process ignoring all the business ethics, cultures and beliefs, it affects highly on the entire rhythm of business process(Moon2014). Social factors: Social factors include cultural factors as well as psychological factors. People of various culture and background become the part of a business organization. Therefore, those employees have to strive immensely in order to make a collective decision regarding any kind of business goal. The psychological dilemmas of those people prevent fervently to make any kind of major decision at the prime time(Parastand Adams2012). Like the same way, these kinds of social factors obstruct the people of various culture and attitude for being associated with any kind of social responsibilities. However, in order to overcome this kind of situation, the business organization needs to diversity management at the workplace so that people of various backgrounds can be able to take an effective decision at the right time. The impact of corporate social responsibility on both the stakeholders and the company In the current trend of business, the organization needs to follow corporate social responsibilities not because of building mere image and reputation of this organization but because of earning more profit from the business. CSR activity is very much effective both on the stakeholders as well as on the company. However, the major impacts of corporate social responsibility are as follows: Importance of stability: A small business organization would be able to maintain their stability after conducting CSR at the workplace. Corporate social responsibility is such a business practice that can easily draw the attention of the customers. Even a small business organization is able to create the market demand after maintaining their CSR activities effectively(Rasche, De Bakker and Moon 2013). This kind of effective business process renders a sound profit for those organizations. It helps immensely to enhance the entire process of business in different geographical area. As a result, they would be able to maintain their stability in the market. Stability is the ultimate way of enhancing the entire business process in various multinational countries. Retention of the customers: In order to retain the customers to use the products of a specific business organization, the company has to gain the trust of those customers at the very first stage. Corporate social responsibility is one of the most important tools to gain the trust of target customers. With the help of CSR activities, the organization would be able to promote their business. People on the other hand would like to rely the organization of they face their effective service process(Servaes and Tamayo 2013). If the customers retention planning can be executed successfully, the organization would not have to think about the profit for twice. Positive image: CSR helps to create a positive image about the organization. If a particular business company has to face immense difficulties in order to create an image in the market, CSR can change the entire scenario. Positive image is truly necessary to maintain the sustainability among the stakeholders. Therefore, organizations tend to strive to keep up their positive images. Any kind of ethical issue, diversity issue, communication issue can hamper the entire process of business. Consequently, service providers have to face numerous obstacles to gain the trust of customers(Tang, Hulland and Rothenberg2012). In this situation, CSR is one of the most effective ways to impress the external stakeholders towards the organization. Conceptual framework: Figure 1: Conceptual framework (Source: Created by author) Gap in the related literature review In the previous literature review, the primary concern of the researcher was to discuss the impact of corporate social responsibility mainly. The relation in between the company value and CSR has been highlighted categorically. Moreover, in this specific article, the researcher has avoided to mention the importance of CSR for the enhancement of a business organization. Various factors that affect to conduct CSR at the workplace have not been mentioned in this article as well. Therefore, this article is very much specific that highlights one particular aspect primarily. The author could have been concentrated on discussing the necessary benefits of CSR for expanding the entire business. Summary: The entire literature review deals with the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility at the workplace. While discussing the effectiveness of CSR, the researcher has mainly concentrated to highlight the necessary importance of maintaining social responsibility for a business organization. Various kinds of factors affecting CSR at the workplace have also been pointed out in this particular chapter. On the hand, in the previous literature work, the researcher has only focused to deal with the various impacts of CSR on both the stakeholders as well as the organization. Methodology Introduction Research methodologyis the systematic process with the help of which the researcher would be able to complete the entire project successfully. This particular procedure is constituted with different categories. With the help of research philosophy, research approach, research design the researcher would like to collect necessary data and information about the research issue. In this particular research proposal, post positivism research philosophy would be used. Post positivism research philosophy is based on research observation. As per the point of view of positivists, observation is repeatable but phenomenon is isolated. Therefore, with the help of repeated observation, the researcher would like to collect necessary data and information regarding corporate social responsibility of DhiraaguPLC. Apart from post positivism philosophy, the researcher decides to select deductive research approach and descriptive research design. Deductive research approach is intensely dependent on case study. In this particular study, the researcher has received numerous secondary data on DhiraaguPLCregarding their CSR activities of this organization. Research design: Descriptive research design would help to collect sufficient data about the impact of CSR activities in building the reputation of DhiraaguPLC. By utilizing descriptive research design, the researcher would like to collect qualitative data as well as quantitative data. Quantitative data collection technique has been conducted by making an effective survey(Tang, Hulland Rothenberg2012). Preparing some of the major questionnaires the researcher would like to collect sufficient feedback from the participants. On the other hand, interview is the other procedure to make an effective plan of qualitative data. Interview can be conducted by involving the employees of DhiraaguPLC. Population and sampling Population is the total number of persons who have been involved to participate for providing necessary data and information. On the other hand, sampling is the systematic procedure with the help of which the researcher likes to involve the participants from a particular department. Sampling is divided into two types that include probability sampling method and non-probability sampling method. For this particular research proposal, the researcher would like to choose probability-sampling technique. Probability sampling technique is otherwise known as random sampling technique(Torreset al. 2012). With the help of probability sampling technique, the researcher would like to involve random participants of 51 peoplefrom a particular department of DhiraaguPLCfor gather data. Research instrument The researcher as a research instrument would like to use both online platform and offline platform. Various online websites, social media platform would be utilized as an instrument for conducting the research proposal. Among the Offline platformthe researcher would like to choose survey, interview, and group discussion as the research instrument. In this specific research proposal, the researcher would like to collect various case studies from online platforms(Zhaoet al. 2012). On the other hand, offline 51 employees of DhiraaguPLCwould be selected for questionnaires and three managers of DhiraaguPLCwould be chosen for conducting an effective interview. Data collection procedure Data collection procedure is nothing but the systematic method of acquiring necessary information regarding the research issue. Data can be collected from two sources mainly. Both the primary as well as the secondary source of data can be used in order to collect necessary data and information(Zhaoet al. 2012). Gather primary source of datacan from direct survey, group discussion, conducting interview and so on. On the other hand, utilize secondary source of datacan from various journals, books, magazines, newspapers, online websites and so many. Data analysis procedure In this specific research proposal, the researcher would like to use both qualitative and quantitative research work. With the help of these tools, the researcher would like toanalyze the data specifying the mean, medium and mode. On the other hand, making the standard deviation, co-relation and regression, the researcher would prefer to analyze the data properly. Conclusion: The entire research proposal deals with the topic of importance of corporate social responsibility. DhiraaguPLChas been chosen as the selected company. DhiraaguPLChas already expanded their business throughout Maldives. Therefore, the company would like to increase their wings in various multinational countries. Corporate social responsibilities are one of the major ways to earn recognition for DhiraaguPLC throughout the world. In order to identify the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility, the researcher has made a systematic proposal in order to complete the entire research work successfully. With the help of numerous case studies regarding the business plans and strategies of DhiraaguPLC, the researcher would like to collect necessary data and information. Reference list: Baumann-Pauly, D., Wickert, C., Spence, L.J. and Scherer, A.G., 2013. Organizing corporate social responsibility in small and large firms: Size matters.Journal of Business Ethics,115(4), pp.693-705. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28. Campbell, J.T., Eden, L. and Miller, S.R., 2012. Multinationals and corporate social responsibility in host countries: Does distance matter?.Journal of International Business Studies,43(1), pp.84-106. deGrosbois, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility reporting by the global hotel industry: Commitment, initiatives and performance.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(3), pp.896-905. Deng, X., Kang, J.K. and Low, B.S., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder value maximization: Evidence from mergers.Journal of Financial Economics,110(1), pp.87-109. Du, S. and Vieira Jr, E.T., 2012.Striving for legitimacy through corporate social responsibility: Insights from oil companies.Journal of Business Ethics,110(4), pp.413-427. Eberle, D., Berens, G. and Li, T., 2013.The impact of interactive corporate social responsibility communication on corporate reputation.Journal of Business Ethics,118(4), pp.731-746. Edmans, A., 2012. The link between job satisfaction and firm value, with implications for corporate social responsibility.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), pp.1-19. Filatotchev, I. and Nakajima, C., 2014. Corporate governance, responsible managerial behavior, and corporate social responsibility: Organizational efficiency versus organizational legitimacy?.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(3), pp.289-306. Homburg, C., Stierl, M. and Bornemann, T., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in business-to-business markets: How organizational customers account for supplier corporate social responsibility engagement.Journal of Marketing,77(6), pp.54-72. Hopkins, M., 2012.The planetary bargain: Corporate social responsibility matters. Routledge. Hsu, K.T., 2012. The advertising effects of corporate social responsibility on corporate reputation and brand equity: Evidence from the life insurance industry in Taiwan.Journal of business ethics,109(2), pp.189-201. Jo, H. and Harjoto, M.A., 2012. The causal effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,106(1), pp.53-72. Khan, A., Muttakin, M.B. and Siddiqui, J., 2013.Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of business ethics,114(2), pp.207-223. Kim, Y., Li, H. and Li, S., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and stock price crash risk.Journal of Banking Finance,43, pp.1-13. Kitzmueller, M. and Shimshack, J., 2012.Economic perspectives on corporate social responsibility.Journal of Economic Literature,50(1), pp.51-84. Lanis, R. and Richardson, G., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,31(1), pp.86-108. Lee, E.M., Park, S.Y., Rapert, M.I. and Newman, C.L., 2012. Does perceived consumer fit matter in corporate social responsibility issues?.Journal of Business Research,65(11), pp.1558-1564. Marquis, C. and Qian, C., 2013. Corporate social responsibility reporting in China: Symbol or substance?.Organization Science,25(1), pp.127-148. Mason, C. and Simmons, J., 2014. Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate governance: A stakeholder systems approach.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.77-86. Moon, J., 2014.Corporate social responsibility: A very short introduction.OUP Oxford. Mutti, D., Yakovleva, N., Vazquez-Brust, D. and Di Marco, M.H., 2012.Corporate social responsibility in the mining industry: Perspectives from stakeholder groups in Argentina.Resources Policy,37(2), pp.212-222. Parast, M.M. and Adams, S.G., 2012. Corporate social responsibility, benchmarking, and organizational performance in the petroleum industry: A quality management perspective.International Journal of Production Economics,139(2), pp.447-458. Rasche, A., De Bakker, F.G. and Moon, J., 2013. Complete and partial organizing for corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,115(4), pp.651-663. Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2013. The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness.Management Science,59(5), pp.1045-1061. Tang, Z., Hull, C.E. and Rothenberg, S., 2012. How corporate social responsibility engagement strategy moderates the CSRfinancial performance relationship.Journal of Management Studies,49(7), pp.1274-1303. Torres, A., Bijmolt, T.H., Trib, J.A. and Verhoef, P., 2012. Generating global brand equity through corporate social responsibility to key stakeholders.International Journal of Research in Marketing,29(1), pp.13-24. Zhao, Z.Y., Zhao, X.J., Davidson, K. and Zuo, J., 2012. A corporate social responsibility indicator system for construction enterprises.Journal of cleaner production,29, pp.277-289.

The Awakening By Kate Chopin Was Considered Very Shocking When It Was

The Awakening by Kate Chopin was considered very shocking when it was first published because of the sexual awakening of the main character, Edna Pontellier, and her unconventional behavior. Chopin moved to New Orleans after her marriage and lived there for twelve years until the death of her husband. She returned to St. Louis where she began writing. She used her knowledge of Louisiana and Creole culture to create wonderful descriptions of local color, and she incorporated French phrases used by the Creoles. The Awakening begins at Grade Isle, a vacation spot of wealthy Creoles from New Orleans. Edna is there with her two sons and her husband Leonce who comes and goes because of business. Edna is not Creole, but her husband is. She has never felt like she fits in with their lifestyle. Edna has always done what is expected of a woman, including marrying a man she did not love. He regards her as a possession rather than an individual. While on vacation, Edna falls in love with Robert Lebrun. She often goes to the beach with him. She begins to realize for the first time, at age 28, that she is an individual. Edna feels like one who awakens gradually from a dream to the reality of life. After this discovery, Edna changes. She disregards her husband's wishes and often ignores her children. She learns to swim which also makes her begin to feel more independent. Edna befriends two women, Mademoiselle Reisz, a pianist, and Madame Ratignolle, a motherly lady. Distressed when Robert leaves for Mexico, Edna often visits Mademoiseel Reisz to whom Robert often writes. Edna continues to disregard the customs of society. Her husband becomes very upset and insists that they must observe les convenances if they want to keep up with society. He tries to get her to attend her sister's wedding, but she refuses. Leonce goes to New York on business, but Edna refuses to go with him. The children are with their grandparents so Edna enjoys her time alone. She starts an affair with Alcee Arobin. He introduces her to the importance of sex which she did not enjoy with her husband. She closes up her house and moves to a smaller one. Upset, her husband puts a notice in the newspaper which says that their house is being remodeled. He tries to hide Edna's strange behavior from his friends. Edna, however, loves her new pigeon-house. Every step she took toward relieving herself of obligations added to her strength and expansion as an individual. One day Robert returns. Edna runs into him at Mademoiselle Reisz's home. Edna is upset to find he had been in the city for two days and had not contacted her. Even though she was having an affair, she is still in love with Robert. The two meet again a few days later, and Robert walks her home. She kisses him, and he returns her passion. He confesses that he went to Mexico because he was in love with her. He knew there was no hope for them because she was married. They are interrupted by a message for Edna to go to the bedside of Madame Ratignolle who is ill. She asks Robert to wait for her. When she returns, he is gone. His note reads, I love you. Good-bye, because I love you. Edna is so distressed that she returns to Grand Isle where she goes swimming in the cold sea. Purposely she swims out too far and drowns herself. This is an appropriate book for high school students to read. Girls will enjoy it more than boys. It is a beautifully written book which can be used in English as well as social studies classes. The novel will support discussion of the changing role of women and the importance of the Women's Movement in the early 1900's. Students can also discuss Edna's feelings and her suicide.

Irans Nuclear Program Essays

Irans Nuclear Program Essays Irans Nuclear Program Essay Irans Nuclear Program Essay Iran Nuclear Program and OIC -Background of Iran Nuclear Program; how could such program come to the existence? What has motived Iranian government to do so? -What is Iran Nuclear Program and its importances? ; To what extent does the program affect the international stage? Threatened? -What actors involved in the program? (Iran, I-IN, the U. S. , Israel, OIC) -What is the role of OIC in supporting the program? -Current status Introduction (Background knowledge of Irans Nuclear Program) ***info brief historical details before 1950s) The Iranian nuclear program is a contentious and losely monitored issue in international politics. kkkhe US, Israel and their European allies have accused Iran of pursuing a nuclear weapons program. Iran says its nuclear program is totally peaceful and within the framework of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) to which it is a signatory. Tehran officially launched it first nuclear power plant in the southern city of Bushehr last month by loading f uel into the core of the facilitys reactor. The US has admitted that the plant is completely used for peaceful purposes. Ata al-Manan, who met Irans permanent representative to OIC Hamid-Reza Dehqani n Tuesday, also thanked Iran for its humanitarian aid supplies to flood-hit people of Pakistan. At least 1,760 people died and 21 million were affected by the recent flooding, which submerged nearly one-fifth of Pakistan. The United Nations says millions of people have been left without food, water, shelter and other basic necessities in Pakistan as a result of the floods. he US, Israel and their European allies have accused Iran of pursuing a nuclear weapons program. and other basic necessities in Pakistan as a result of the floods.

The Growth of the Early American Economy in the West

The Growth of the Early American Economy in the West Cotton, at first a small-scale crop in the American South, boomed following Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin in 1793, the machine that separated raw cotton from the seeds and other waste. The production of the crop for use had historically relied on arduous manual separation, but this machine revolutionized the industry and in turn, the local economy that eventually came to rely on it. Planters in the South bought land from small farmers who frequently moved farther west. Soon, large southern plantations supported by slave labor  made some American families very wealthy. Early Americans Move West It wasnt just small southern farmers who were moving west. Whole villages in the eastern colonies sometimes uprooted and established new settlements looking for new opportunity in the more fertile farmland of the Midwest. While western settlers are often depicted as fiercely independent and strongly opposed to any kind of government control or interference, these first settlers actually received quite a bit of government support, both directly and indirectly. For example, the American government began investing in infrastructure out west including government-funded national roads and waterways, such as the Cumberland Pike (1818) and the Erie Canal (1825). These government projects ultimately helped new settlers migrate west and later helped move their western farm produce to market in the eastern states. President Andrew Jackson's Economic Influence Many Americans, both rich and poor, idealized Andrew Jackson, who became president in 1829, because he had started life in a log cabin in American frontier territory. President Jackson (1829-1837) opposed the successor to Hamiltons National Bank, who he believed favored the entrenched interests of the eastern states against the west. When he was elected for a second term, Jackson opposed renewing the banks charter and Congress supported him. These actions shook confidence in the nations financial system, and business panics occurred in both 1834 and 1837. American 19th Century Economic Growth in the West But these periodic economic dislocations did not curtail rapid U.S. economic growth during the 19th century. New inventions and capital investment led to the creation of new industries and economic growth. As transportation improved, new markets continuously opened to take advantage. The steamboat made river traffic faster and cheaper, but the development of railroads had an even greater effect, opening up vast stretches of new territory for development. Like canals and roads, railroads received large amounts of government assistance in their early building years in the form of land grants. But unlike other forms of transportation, railroads also attracted a good deal of domestic and European private investment. In these heady days, get-rich-quick schemes abounded. Financial manipulators made fortunes overnight while much more lost their entire savings. Nevertheless, a combination of vision and foreign investment, combined with the discovery of gold and a major commitment of Americas public and private wealth, enabled the nation to develop a large-scale railroad system, establishing the base for the countrys industrialization and expansion into the west.

Individual Personal Reflection Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Personal Reflection Paper - Assignment Example ve learnt that Critical thinking, among other things, makes one think rationally and with more clarity irrespective of the field one is in; education, law, medicine, finance, or management. Critical thinking is a vital component as it enhances problem solving and proper thinking and can thus be termed as an asset. Secondly, it enables a person to have excellent communication skills. It improves language and comprehension abilities by aiding in the analysis of texts. Furthermore, critical thinking leads to self-reflection since we are able to reflect on our values and make proper decisions. With the changing, economic times which is driven by technology and information one needs to be able to effectively deal with these changes. This requires analysis of information thus pushing for intellectual skills, which we have learnt in this course. Since the start of this course, my critical thinking has vastly improved. It has helped me to think rationally and view things from a different perspective. I can now carefully reflect on my principles of reasoning and internalize them therefore, making me apply it in my day-to-day life. I am now in a position to expose fallacies and avoid faulty reasoning. I am able to come up with solutions to problems in a systematic way and prioritize ideas based on their importance. I have also been able to clearly come up with constructive arguments and evaluate them. More so, I am able to break down information into their constituent parts and logically understand the connections, relevance, and importance of these ideas. In the beginning, I was at the stage of unreflective thinker where I was unaware of significant problems in thinking, but so far I have advanced and I am now in the practicing thinker level. I feel I am at this level since I have recognized the need for regular practice in thinking. I am in a better position to solve problems by using the information that I have. However, limited it may be and to further deduce probable

Editting in Run Lola Run (Tom Tykwer, 1998) Essay

Editting in Run Lola Run (Tom Tykwer, 1998) - Essay Example The film editing of â€Å"Run Lola Run† is a very unique one because it incorporates fast paced action with equally pulsating type of music, especially in those scenes where Lola had to run very fast to be able to beat the deadline that was given to her boyfriend, who was poised to rob a bank as a last resort. The story, which unfolded in such a way as to have 3 possible outcomes, was edited in a manner that would show the pressure building up for Lola and Manni with each tick of the clock, and the potential difference every moment creates to generate varied solutions to a single problem. At the initial part of the movie, black and white scenes were used to show flashbacks or past occurrences which somehow made a great bearing on the present situation Lola and Manni were in. Medium shots of Lola holding a red telephone at home, and Manni in a phone booth somewhere in town, were used to orient the viewer and to set the mood for the story. Later on, when the dialogues were getting intense, the shots used were in close-up to show the emotions of desperation and helplessness on the part of Manni, and the determination and firm resolve to find a solution on the part of Lola. Lola’s running scenes were combined with animated scenes as if she were part of a video game. Different shooting techniques, – like fade in/out, zoom in/out, still shots – varied camera angles and shots were utilized. There were also continuity shots made, and close-ups were played-up in the emotional scenes between Lola’s father and his mistress, the confrontation scene between Lola and her father among others. Slow motion cuts were also used to add emphasis in some scenes. Snapshots of the various personalities Lola meets on her way to meet Manni were also included to add more sub-plots which added to the overall impact of the story. One of the most distinctive editing features of this film is the use of split screens for the most essential scenes. An example of such scene

Meditation on Yellow by Olive Senior Essay Example for Free

Meditation on Yellow by Olive Senior Essay Olive Senior is a Jamaican poet who explores Caribbean history. Her poetry often conveys her displeasure of colonization and the suffering Caribbean people endured. Meditation on Yellow explores the colonization and exploitation process carried out by the Europeans. This poem strong conveys Senior discontentment as it relates to the exploitation of the land and the Amerindian tribe. It through the use of symbolism, language and repetition the brutality of colonization is conveyed. Symbolism is used to portray the harsh reality of colonization. In Meditation on Yellow yellow is symbolic of the innocence of the Amerindians and the purity in their mind and soul upon encountering the Whites. This is noted in the phrase but we were peaceful then child-like in the yellow dawn of our innocence. The fact that these Amerindians had no idea of what was to come their way and that they offered the best of what they had to the Europeans makes this encounter even more sad and advantageous. Furthermore, yellow is symbolic of sickness and infection. This is reflect in the minds of the Europeans as it was infected with the yearning for wealth and power. Due to this infection the Amerindian we turned into slaves, the land was exploited and the Europeans began colonization. The use of symbolism conveys the extremes which these two set of people existed, the Amerindian being kind and pure and the Europeans being cold-hearted and greedy. Seniors use of language is certainly a powerful tool in expressing her displeasure as it relates to the enslavement of the Amerindians. Throughout the poem she uses sarcasm and humor which highlights her mocking and belittling of the Europeans. The phrase had I known I would have brewed up some yellow fever grass and arsenic is an example of sarcasm. In this phrase there is a contrast between the gesture of hospitality of ethnic which is the fever grass and the bitter sinister intentions of killing the Europeans with the arsenic poison. The sarcasm continues in the phrase despite the differences in our skins, our piss was exactly the same shade of yellow. This highlights that regardless of ethnic and racial differences we are all the same. The striking, crude comparison stresses the need for equality and for readers to take note. Furthermore Olive Senior educates us that these Amerindian displayed passive resistance as they deliberately burnt the bread of the Europeans since they we treated badly. The phrase for which management apologizes certainly indicates they there was no remorse or sorry for these actions. The use of sarcasm highlight Seniors hatred towards the colonization process and her view on the Europeans. Repetition is also used to place emphasis on the greedy and materialistic nature of the Europeans. This type of repetition is known as anaphora. The line but it was gold in your mind gold in your eyes gold in the crown .. gold the prize highlights the obsession these Europeans had with gold and their gluttonous nature. Moreover, their unreasonable wants and desires are also highlighted through repetition. This is noted in the line want it strong wan it long want it black want it black want it green want it dread. Additionally there was repetition in the in line silver was you armor silver the cross of your Lord silver the bullet I bite This repetition emphasizes the many different forms of silver and the destruction that the silver symbolizes . The silver was representative of Iron Age Technology and represents the Europeans military superiority over the stone age Amerindians. Collectively the repetition of these lines alerts readers of the suffering these Amerindians endured to please the cold hearted Europeans. The use of these techniques clearly depicts Seniors displeasure and the unfortunate struggles of colonization.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Essay -- essays research papers

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Near closing time on Saturday afternoon, March 25, 1911, in New York City a fire broke out on the top floors of the Asch Building in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. One of the worst tragedies in American history it was know as the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. It was a disaster that took the lives of 146 young immigrant workers. A fire that broke out in a cramped sweatshop that trapped many inside and killed 146 people. This tragedy pointed out the negatives of sweatshop conditions of the industrialization era. It emphasized the worst part of its times the low wages, long hours, and unsanitary working conditions were what symbolized what sweatshops were all about. These conditions were appalling, and no person should ever be made to work in these conditions. Before this tragedy occurred the suffering of the workers was very evident. Take for instance this first hand account by Sadie Frowne. â€Å"My name is Sadie Frowne. I work in Allen Street (Manhattan) in what they call a sweatshop. I am new at the work and the foreman scolds me a great deal. I get up at half-past five o’clock every morning and make myself a cup of coffee on the oil stove. I eat a bit of bread and perhaps some fruit and then go to work. Often I get there soon after six o’clock so as to be in good time, though the factory does not open till seven. At seven o’clock we all sit down to our machines and the boss brings to each one the pile of work that he or she is to finish during the day—what they call in English their â€Å"stint.† This pile is put down beside the machine and as soon as a garment is done it is laid on the other side of the machine. Sometimes the work is not all finished by six o’clock, and then the one who is behind must work overtime. The machines go like mad all day because the faster you work the more money you get. Sometimes in my haste I get my finger caught and the needle goes right through it. It goes so quick, though, that it does not hurt much. I bind the finger up with a piece of cotton and go on working. We all have accidents like that. All the time we are working the boss walks around examining the finished garments and making us do them over again if they are not just right. So we have to be careful as well as swift. But I am getting so good at the work that within a year I will be making $7 a w... ...being held accountable, the city officials themselves were also held accountable because of improper safety regulations. Showing that the city itself should be at fault for not enforcing safety regulations for such things as fire escapes, that were not in working order. These unprecedented circumstances just lay down the blueprint for what is now the correct way to set regulations for industrial factory conditions. With these commissions in place, tougher legislation, laws, ordinances, and precedents that will be in place working together to rid the world of these horrible sweatshops. As well as the devastating circumstances they can bring in such occurrences as fires or other natural disaster events. Even though almost ninety years later sweatshops still exist. These sweatshops at the present day are almost unheard of here in America, but continue to be in foreign third world countries. As horrible as it is to say the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire turned out to be a very helpful life changing turn around for hundreds of thousands of people, it turns out that many positives have come out of it. Its just too bad that such a tragedy had to come about to make such significant changes.

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 14. You Know Things Are Bad When …

14. You Know Things Are Bad When You Feel Guilty For Being Rude To Vampires VAMPIRES When I got back to the house, there was no one waiting outside for my report. Still on alert? Everything's cool,I thought tiredly. My eyes quickly caught a small change in the now-familiar scene. There was a stack of light-colored fabric on the bottom step of the porch. I loped over to investigate. Holding my breath, because the vampire smell stuck to the fabric like you wouldn't believe, I nudged the stack with my nose. Someone had laid out clothes. Huh. Edward must have caught my moment of irritation as I'd bolted out the door. Well. That was†¦ nice. And weird. I took the clothes gingerly between my teeth – ugh – and carried them back to the trees. Just in case this was some joke by the blond psychopath and I had a bunch of girls' stuff here. Bet she'd love to see the look on my human face as I stood there naked, holding a sundress. In the cover of the trees, I dropped the stinking pile and shifted back to human. I shook the clothes out, snapping them against a tree to beat some of the smell from them. They were definitely guy's clothes – tan pants and a white button-down shirt. Neither of them long enough, but they looked like they'd fit around me. Must be Emmett's. I rolled the cuffs up on the shirtsleeves, but there wasn't much I could do about the pants. Oh well. I had to admit, I felt better with some clothes to my name, even stinky ones that didn't quite fit. It was hard not being able to just jet back home and grab another pair of old sweatpants when I needed them. The homeless thing again – not having anyplace to go back to. No possessions, either, which wasn't bothering me too bad now, but would probably get annoying soon. Exhausted, I walked slowly up the Cullens' porch steps in my fancy new secondhand clothes but hesitated when I got to the door. Did I knock? Stupid, when they knew I was here. I wondered why no one acknowledged that – told me either to come in or get lost Whatever. I shrugged and let myself in. More changes. The room had shifted back to normal – almost – in the last twenty minutes. The big flat-screen was on, low volume, showing some chick flick that no one seemed to be watching. Carlisle and Esme stood by the back windows, which were open to the river again. Alice, Jasper, and Emmett were out of sight, but I heard them murmuring upstairs. Bella was on the couch like yesterday, with just one tube still hooked into her, and an IV hanging behind the back of the sofa. She was wrapped up like a burrito in a couple of thick quilts, so at least they'd listened to me before. Rosalie was cross-legged on the ground by her head. Edward sat at the other end of the couch with Bella's burrito'ed feet in his lap. He looked up when I came in and smiled at me – just a little twitch of his mouth – like something pleased him. Bella didn't hear me. She only glanced up when he did, and then she smiled, too. With real energy, her whole face lighting up. I couldn't remember the last time she'd looked so excited to see me. What was with her? For crying out loud, she was married] Happily married, too – there was no question that she was in love with her vampire past the boundaries of sanity. And hugely pregnant, to top it off. So why did she have to be so damn thrilled to see me? Like I'd made her whole freakin' day by walking through the door. If she would just not care†¦ Or more than that – really not want me around. It would be so much easier to stay away. Edward seemed to be in agreement with my thoughts – we were on the same wavelength so much lately it was crazy. He was frowning now, reading her face while she beamed at me. â€Å"They just wanted to talk,† I mumbled, my voice dragging with exhaustion. â€Å"No attack on the horizon.† â€Å"Yes,† Edward answered. â€Å"I heard most of it.† That woke me up a little. We'd been a good three miles out. â€Å"How?† Tm hearing you more clearly – it's a matter of familiarity and concentration. Also, your thoughts are slightly easier to pick up when you're in your human form. So I caught most of what passed out there.† â€Å"Oh.† It bugged me a little, but for no good reason, so I shrugged it off. â€Å"Good. I hate repeating myself.† â€Å"I'd tell you to go get some sleep,† Bella said, â€Å"but my guess is that you're going to pass out on the floor in about six seconds, so there's probably no point.† It was amazing how much better she sounded, how much stronger she looked. I smelled fresh blood and saw that the cup was in her hands again. How much blood would it take to keep her going? At some point, would they start trotting in the neighbors? I headed for the door, counting off the seconds for her as I walked. â€Å"One Mississippi†¦ two Mississippi†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Where's the flood, mutt?† Rosalie muttered. â€Å"You know how you drown a blonde, Rosalie?† I asked without stopping or turning to look at her. â€Å"Glue a mirror to the bottom of a pool.† I heard Edward chuckle as I pulled the door shut. His mood seemed to improve in exact correlation to Bella's health. â€Å"I've already heard that one,'7Rosalie called after me. I trudged down the steps, my only goal to drag myself far enough into the trees that the air would be pure again. I planned to ditch the clothes a convenient distance from the house for future use rather than tying them to my leg, so I wouldn't be smelling them, either. As I fumbled with the buttons on the new shirt, I thought randomly about how buttons would never be in style for werewolves. I heard the voices while I slogged across the lawn. â€Å"Where are you going?† Bella asked. â€Å"There was something I forgot to say to him.† â€Å"Let Jacob sleep – it can wait.† Yes, please, let Jacob sleep. â€Å"It will only take a moment.† I turned slowly. Edward was already out the door. He had an apology in his expression as he approached me. â€Å"Jeez, what now?† Tm sorry,† he said, and then he hesitated, like he didn't know how to phrase what he was thinking. What's on your mind, mind reader? â€Å"When you were speaking to Sam's delegates earlier,† he murmured, â€Å"I was giving a play-by-play for Carlisle and Esme and the rest. They were concerned – â€Å" â€Å"Look, we're not dropping our guard. You don't have to believe Sam like we do. We're keeping our eyes open regardless.† â€Å"No, no, Jacob. Not about that. We trust your judgment. Rather, Esme was troubled by the hardships this is putting your pack through. She asked me to speak to you privately about it.† That took me off guard. â€Å"Hardships?† â€Å"The homeless part, particularly. She's very upset that you are all so†¦ bereft.† I snorted. Vampire mother hen – bizarre. â€Å"We're tough. Tell her not to worry.† â€Å"She'd still like to do what she can. I got the impression that Leah prefers not to eat in her wolf form?† â€Å"And?† I demanded. â€Å"Well, we do have normal human food here, Jacob. Keeping up appearances, and, of course, for Bella. Leah is welcome to anything she'd like. All of you are.† â€Å"I'll pass that along.† â€Å"Leah hates us.† â€Å"So?† â€Å"So try to pass it along in such a way as to make her consider it, if you don't mind.† â€Å"I'll do what I can.† â€Å"And then there's the matter of clothes.† I glanced down at the ones I was wearing. â€Å"Oh yeah. Thanks.† It probably wouldn't be good manners to mention how bad they reeked. He smiled, just a little. â€Å"Well, we're easily able to help out with any needs there. Alice rarely allows us to wear the same thing twice. We've got piles of brand-new clothes that are destined for Goodwill, and I'd imagine that Leah is fairly close to Esme's size___† â€Å"Not sure how she'll feel about bloodsucker castoffs. She's not as practical as I am.† â€Å"I trust that you can present the offer in the best possible light. As well as the offer for any other physical object you might need, or transportation, or anything else at all. And showers, too, since you prefer to sleep outdoors. Please†¦ don't consider yourselves without the benefits of a home.† He said the last line softly – not trying to keep quiet this time, but with some kind of real emotion. I stared at him for a second, blinking sleepily. â€Å"That's, er, nice of you. Tell Esme we appreciate the, uh, thought. But the perimeter cuts through the river in a few places, so we stay pretty clean, thanks.† â€Å"If you would pass the offer on, regardless.† â€Å"Sure, sure.† â€Å"Thank you.† I turned away from him, only to stop cold when I heard the low, pained cry from inside the house. By the time I looked back, he was already gone. What now? I followed after him, shuffling like a zombie. Using about the same number of brain cells, too. It didn't feel like I had a choice. Something was wrong. I would go see what it was. There would be nothing I could do. And I would feel worse. It seemed inevitable. I let myself in again. Bella was panting, curled over the bulge in the center of her body. Rosalie held her while Edward, Carlisle, and Esme all hovered. A flicker of motion caught my eye; Alice was at the top of the stairs, staring down into the room with her hands pressed to her temples. It was weird – like she was barred from entering somehow. â€Å"Give me a second, Carlisle,† Bella panted. â€Å"Bella,† the doctor said anxiously, â€Å"I heard something crack. I need to take a look.† â€Å"Pretty sure† – pant – â€Å"it was a rib. Ow. Yep. Right here.† She pointed to her left side, careful not to touch. It was breaking her bones now. â€Å"I need to take an X-ray. There might be splinters. We don't want it to puncture anything.† Bella took a deep breath. â€Å"Okay.† Rosalie lifted Bella carefully. Edward seemed like he was going to argue, but Rosalie bared her teeth at him and growled, â€Å"I've already got her.† So Bella was stronger now, but the thing was, too. You couldn't starve one without starving the other, and healing worked just the same. No way to win. Blondie carried Bella swiftly up the big staircase with Carlisle and Edward right on her heels, none of them taking any notice of me standing dumbstruck in the doorway. So they had a blood bank and an X-ray machine? Guess the doc brought his work home with him. I was too tired to follow them, too tired to move. I leaned back against the wall and then slid to the ground. The door was still open, and I pointed my nose toward it, grateful for the clean breeze blowing in. I leaned my head against the jamb and listened. I could hear the sound of the X-ray machinery upstairs. Or maybe I just assumed that's what it was. And then the lightest of footsteps coming down the stairs. I didn't look to see which vampire it was. â€Å"Do you want a pillow?† Alice asked me. â€Å"No,† I mumbled. What was with the pushy hospitality? It was creeping me out. â€Å"That doesn't look comfortable,† she observed. â€Å"S'not.† â€Å"Why don't you move, then?† â€Å"Tired. Why aren't you upstairs with the rest of them?† I shot back. â€Å"Headache,† she answered. I rolled my head around to look at her. Alice was a tiny little thing. ‘Bout the size of one of my arms. She looked even smaller now, sort of hunched in on herself. Her small face was pinched. â€Å"Vampires get headaches?† â€Å"Not the normal ones.† I snorted. Normal vampires. â€Å"So how come you're never with Bella anymore?† I asked, making the question an accusation. It hadn't occurred to me before, because my head had been full of other crap, but it was weird that Alice was never around Bella, not since I'd been here. Maybe if Alice were by her side, Rosalie wouldn't be. â€Å"Thought you two were like this.† I twisted two of my fingers together. â€Å"Like I said† – she curled up on the tile a few feet from me, wrapping her skinny arms around her skinny knees – â€Å"headache.† â€Å"Bella's giving you a headache?† â€Å"Yes.† I frowned. Pretty sure I was too tired for riddles. I let my head roll back around toward the fresh air and closed my eyes. â€Å"Not Bella, really,† she amended. â€Å"The†¦ fetus.† Ah, someone else who felt like I did. It was pretty easy to recognize. She said the word grudgingly, the way Edward did. â€Å"I can't see it,† she told me, though she might have been talking to herself. For all she knew, I was already gone. â€Å"I can't see anything about it. Just like you.† I flinched, and then my teeth ground together. I didn't like being compared to the creature. â€Å"Bella gets in the way. She's all wrapped around it, so she's†¦ blurry. Like bad reception on a TV – like trying to focus your eyes on those fuzzy people jerking around on the screen. It's killing my head to watch her. And I can't see more than a few minutes ahead, anyway. The†¦ fetus is too much a part of her future. When she first decided†¦ when she knew she wanted it, she blurred right out of my sight. Scared me to death.† She was quiet for a second, and then she added, â€Å"I have to admit, it's a relief having you close by – in spite of the wet-dog smell. Everything goes away. Like having my eyes closed. It numbs the headache.† â€Å"Happy to be of service, ma'am,† I mumbled. â€Å"I wonder what it has in common with you†¦ why you're the same that way.† Sudden heat flashed in the center of my bones. I clenched my fists to hold off the tremors. â€Å"I have nothing in common with that life-sucker,† I said through my teeth. â€Å"Well, there's something there.† I didn't answer. The heat was already burning away. I was too dead tired to stay furious. â€Å"You don't mind if I sit here by you, do you?† she asked. â€Å"Guess not. Stinks anyway.† â€Å"Thanks,† she said. â€Å"This is the best thing for it, I guess, since I can't take aspirin.† â€Å"Could you keep it down? Sleeping, here.† She didn't respond, immediately lapsing into silence. I was out in seconds. I was dreaming that I was really thirsty. And there was a big glass of water in front of me – all cold, you could see the condensation running down the sides. I grabbed the cup and took a huge gulp, only to find out pretty quick that it wasn't water – it was straight bleach. I choked it back out, spewing it everywhere, and a bunch of it blew out of my nose. It burned. My nose was on fire†¦. The pain in my nose woke me up enough to remember where I'd fallen asleep. The smell was pretty fierce, considering that my nose wasn't actually inside the house. Ugh. And it was noisy. Someone was laughing too loud. A familiar laugh, but one that didn't go with the smell. Didn't belong. I groaned and opened my eyes. The skies were dull gray – it was daytime, but no clue as to when. Maybe close to sunset – it was pretty dark. â€Å"About time,† Blondie mumbled from not too far away. â€Å"The chainsaw impersonation was getting a little tired.† I rolled over and wrenched myself into a sitting position. In the process, I figured out where the smell was coming from. Someone had stuffed a wide feather pillow under my face. Probably trying to be nice, I'd guess. Unless it'd been Rosalie. Once my face was out of the stinking feathers, I caught other scents. Like bacon and cinnamon, all mixed up with the vampire smell. I blinked, taking in the room. Things hadn't changed too much, except that now Bella was sitting up in the middle of the sofa, and the IV was gone. Blondie sat at her feet, her head resting against Bella's knees. Still gave me chills to see how casually they touched her, though I guess that was pretty brain-dead, all things considered. Edward was on one side of her, holding her hand. Alice was on the floor, too, like Rosalie. Her face wasn't pinched up now. And it was easy to see why – she'd found another painkiller. â€Å"Hey, Jake's coming around!† Seth crowed. He was sitting on Bella's other side, his arm slung carelessly over her shoulders, an overflowing plate of food on his lap. What the hell? â€Å"He came to find you,† Edward said while I got to my feet. â€Å"And Esme convinced him to stay for breakfast.† Seth took in my expression, and he hurried to explain. â€Å"Yeah, Jake – I was just checking to see if you were okay 'cause you didn't ever phase back. Leah got worried. I told her you probably just crashed human, but you know how she is. Anyway, they had all this food and, dang,† – he turned to Edward – â€Å"man, you can cook† â€Å"Thank you,† Edward murmured. I inhaled slowly, trying to unclench my teeth. I couldn't take my eyes off Seth's arm. â€Å"Bella got cold,† Edward said quietly. Right. None of my business, anyway. She didn't belong to me. Seth heard Edward's comment, looked at my face, and suddenly he needed both hands to eat with. He took his arm off Bella and dug in. i walked over to stand a few feet from the couch, still trying to get my bearings. â€Å"Leah running patrol?† I asked Seth. My voice was still thick with sleep. â€Å"Yeah,† he said as he chewed. Seth had new clothes on, too. They fit him better than mine fit me. â€Å"She's on it. No worries. She'll howl if there's anything. We traded off around midnight. I ran twelve hours.† He was proud of that, and it showed in his tone. â€Å"Midnight? Wait a minute – what time is it now?† â€Å"‘Bout dawn.† He glanced toward the window, checking. Well, damn. I'd slept through the rest of the day and the whole night – dropped the ball. â€Å"Crap. Sorry about that, Seth. Really. You shoulda kicked me awake.† â€Å"Naw, man, you needed some serious sleep. You haven't taken a break since when? Night before your last patrol for Sam? Like forty hours? Fifty? You're not a machine, Jake. ‘Sides, you didn't miss anything at all.† Nothing at all? I glanced quickly at Bella. Her color was back to the way I remembered it. Pale, but with the rose undertone. Her lips were pink again. Even her hair looked better – shinier. She saw me appraising and gave me a qrin. â€Å"How's the rib?† I asked. â€Å"Taped up nice and tight, i don't even feel it.'7 I rolled my eyes. I heard Edward grind his teeth together, and I figured her blow-it-off attitude bugged him as much at it bugged me. â€Å"What's for breakfast?† I asked, a little sarcastic. â€Å"O negative or AB positive?† She stuck her tongue out at me. Totally herself again. â€Å"Omelets,† she said, but her eyes darted down, and I saw that her cup of blood was wedged between her leg and Edward's. â€Å"Go get some breakfast, Jake,† Seth said. â€Å"There's a bunch in the kitchen. You've got to be empty.† I examined the food in his lap. Looked like half a cheese omelet and the last fourth of a Frisbee-sized cinnamon roll. My stomach growled, but I ignored it. â€Å"What's Leah having for breakfast?† I asked Seth critically. â€Å"Hey, I took food to her before I ate anything† he defended himself. â€Å"She said she'd rather eat roadkill, but I bet she caves. These cinnamon rolls†¦ † He seemed at a loss for words. ‘Til go hunt with her, then.† Seth sighed as I turned to leave. â€Å"A moment, Jacob?† It was Carlisle asking, so when I turned around again, my face was probably less disrespectful than it would have been if anyone else had stopped me. â€Å"Yeah?† Carlisle approached me while Esme drifted off toward the other room. He stopped a few feet away, just a little bit farther away than the normal space between two humans having a conversation. I appreciated him giving me my space. â€Å"Speaking of hunting,† he began in a somber tone. â€Å"That's going to be an issue for my family. I understand that our previous truce is inoperative at the moment, so I wanted your advice. Will Sam be hunting for us outside of the perimeter you've created? We don't want to take a chance with hurting any of your family – or losing any of ours. If you were in our shoes, how would you proceed?† I leaned away, a little surprised, when he threw it back at me like that. What would I know about being in a bloodsucker's expensive shoes? But, then again, I did know Sam. â€Å"It's a risk,† I said, trying to ignore the other eyes I felt on me and to talk only to him. â€Å"Sam's calmed down some, but I'm pretty sure that in his head, the treaty is void. As long as he thinks the tribe, or any other human, is in real danger, he's not going to ask questions first, if you know what I mean. But, with all that, his priority is going to be La Push. There really aren't enough of them to keep a decent watch on the people while putting out hunting parties big enough to do much damage. I'd bet he's keeping it close to home.† Carlisle nodded thoughtfully. â€Å"So I guess I'd say, go out together, just in case. And probably you should go in the day, 'cause we'd be expecting night. Traditional vampire stuff. You're fast – go over the mountains and hunt far enough away that there's no chance he'd send anyone that far from home.† â€Å"And leave Bella behind, unprotected?† I snorted. â€Å"What are we, chopped liver?† Carlisle laughed, and then his face was serious again. â€Å"Jacob, you can't fight against your brothers.† My eyes tightened. â€Å"I'm not saying it wouldn't be hard, but if they were really coming to kill her – I would be able to stop them.† Carlisle shook his head, anxious. â€Å"No, I didn't mean that you would be†¦ incapable. But that it would be very wrong. I can't have that on my conscience.† â€Å"It wouldn't be on yours, Doc. It would be on mine. And I can take it.† â€Å"No, Jacob. We will make sure that our actions don't make that a necessity.† He frowned thoughtfully â€Å"We'll go three at a time,† he decided after a second. â€Å"That's probably the best we can do.† â€Å"I don't know, Doc. Dividing down the middle isn't the best strategy.† â€Å"We've got some extra abilities that will even it up. If Edward is one of the three, he'll be able to give us a few miles' radius of safety.† We both glanced at Edward. His expression had Carlisle backtracking quickly. â€Å"I'm sure there are other ways, too,† Carlisle said. Clearly, there was no physical need strong enough to get Edward away from Bella now. â€Å"Alice, I would imagine you could see which routes would be a mistake?† â€Å"The ones that disappear,† Alice said, nodding. â€Å"Easy.† Edward, who had gone all tense with Carlisle's first plan, loosened up. Bella was staring unhappily at Alice, that little crease between her eyes that she got when she was stressed out. â€Å"Okay, then,† I said. â€Å"That's settled. I'll just be on my way. Seth, I'll expect you back on at dusk, so get a nap in there somewhere, all right?† â€Å"Sure, Jake. I'll phase back soon as I'm done. Unless †¦Ã¢â‚¬  he hesitated, looking at Bella. â€Å"Do you need me?† â€Å"She's got blankets,† I snapped at him. â€Å"I'm fine, Seth, thanks,† Bella said quickly. And then Esme flitted back in the room, a big covered dish in her hands. She stopped hesitantly just behind Carlisle's elbow, her wide, dark gold eyes on my face. She held the dish out and took a shy step closer. â€Å"Jacob,† she said quietly. Her voice wasn't quite so piercing as the others'. â€Å"I know it's†¦ unappetizing to you, the idea of eating here, where it smells so unpleasant. But I would feel much better if you would take some food with you when you go. I know you can't go home, and that's because of us. Please – ease some of my remorse. Take something to eat.† She held the food out to me, her face all soft and pleading. I don't know how she did it, because she didn't look older than her mid-twenties, and she was bone pale, too, but something about her expression suddenly reminded me of my mom. Jeez. â€Å"Uh, sure, sure,† I mumbled. â€Å"I guess. Maybe Leah's still hungry or something.† I reached out and took the food with one hand, holding it away, at arm's length. I'd go dump it under a tree or something. I didn't want her to feel bad. Then I remembered Edward. Don't you say anything to her! Let her think I ate it. I didn't look at him to see if he was in agreement. He'd better be in agreement. Bloodsucker owed me. â€Å"Thank you, Jacob,† Esme said, smiling at me. How did a stone face have dimples, for crying out loud? â€Å"Urn, thank you,† I said. My face felt hot – hotter than usual. This was the problem with hanging out with vampires – you got used to them. They started messing up the way you saw the world. They started feeling like friends. â€Å"Will you come back later, Jake?† Bella asked as I tried to make a run for it. â€Å"Uh, I don't know.† She pressed her lips together, like she was trying not to smile. â€Å"Please? I might get cold.† I inhaled deeply through my nose, and then realized, too late, that that was not a good idea. I winced. â€Å"Maybe.† â€Å"Jacob?† Esme asked. I backed toward the door as she continued; she took a few steps after me. â€Å"I left a basket of clothes on the porch. They're for Leah. They're freshly washed – I tried to touch them as little as possible.† She frowned. â€Å"Do you mind taking them to her?† â€Å"On it,† I muttered, and then I ducked out the door before anyone could guilt me into anything else.

B2B VS B2C

Business to business can be defined as business that is involved in selling products to other businesses. In reality business-to-business (B2B) exist both online and offline but the B2B acronym has mainly been used to describe the online variety which has become common in the world today. Business-to-consumer (B2C) can be described as businesses that are concerned in selling products or providing services to end-user consumers.Business-to-consumer exist both online and offline but the acronym B2C has been used to describe business online (Kinder, 2001; Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). B2B is mainly concerned in selling its products to another company that then sell to the final consumers. Business-to-business operates large number of transactions as compared to business-to-consumer and hence the transactions are mainly dealt with using electronic media. Business-to-business has adopted electronic commerce to enhance efficiency and reliability (Kinder, 2001).B2B is complicated with many employees while B2C is simpler and consist of fewer employees as compared to B2B. Business-to-business involves transactions between buyers and suppliers at organizational level. While business-to-consumers represent interaction between buyer and seller at individual level (Kinder, 2001; Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). Business-to-business seems to do well online while business-to-consumer has lost fame due to loss of large sums of money when it was first inverted hence not widely used by many companies.Markets that are concerned by B2B are comparatively larger and overcrowded than B2C (Kinder, 2001; Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). B2B email marketing has differences with B2C. In email marketing B2B has other major objectives other than sale objective, for example marketing the products available in the said company and hence it takes long before one land to the page that directs you to the purchase page. B2C primary objective in email marketing is sales and hence the initial click take s one to landing, page and then after few seconds to shopping cart.In a B2B the buyer is provided with the necessary logistics and then follow a series of steps in the email campaign which include both online and offline procedures before getting the to the last step which include phone call an employee representative of the company, a PDF document may then be attached to the email by the representative and for high-end products and services, a face-to-face meeting may be more efficient. In both B2B and B2C, there is limited permission in regard to email marketing with the consumer/buyers to obtain information require a longer process in B2B to ensure seriousness and reliability of the exchange.The buyers are assured of confidentiality of the information they give while in B2C there are no such services. In B2C, once the customer has entered the required information than include name, phone and mailing address, one expects to be handed in the purchased product immediately (Kinder, 2 001). In both B2B and B2C, there is the challenge of copywriting. It’s argued that in email marketing, it’s hard to tell whether the words or voice used compels the consumer well. However B2B is said to be more efficient in compelling buyers than B2C which uses a subject line to capture attention of the buyer (Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002).B2B which deal with large volumes of transactions is more likely to incur the problem of outdated email addresses especially when people change email address unless the marketer signs up with email change of address (ECOA) service like Return Path. B2C hardly incurs the problem because the list of email addresses provided is updated. Moreover B2C deal with small number of transactions hence it’s easy to trace the buyer’s addresses and verify their reliability (Kinder, 2001; Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). It’s argued that B2B email marketing is more interesting than B2C.B2B involves moving back and forth, side to si de and numerous interesting information is provided which attract attention of the buyer but the B2C only provide one leading page which doesn’t have much information and hence not adventurous (Kinder, 2001). References Fang, W. Milena, H. and Norm, A. â€Å"E-Tailing: An Analysis of Web Impacts on Retail Market’’. Journal of Business Strategies 19. 2002, 34-89. Kinder, T. â€Å"The Use of Call Centers by Local Public Administrators’’. Marketing Journal 33, 2001, 45-88.

Should You Take the PSAT 10 or PSAT NMSQT

Should You Take the PSAT 10 or PSAT NMSQT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The two tests are very similar, but not identical. So which one should you take? Back in my day (when dinosaurs roamed the earth), there was just one version of the PSAT, a.k.a. the Practice SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. But now, the College Board has multiple versions of the PSAT, including the PSAT NMSQT (National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test) and the PSAT 10. So what are the differences between the two tests? And which one should you take? Read on for an exclusive guide. What's the Difference Between PSAT 10 and PSAT NMSQT? Before we give you any advice on which version of the PSAT to take, we're going to quickly review the difference between the PSAT 10 and PSAT NMSQT. Seeour in-depth post about the PSAT 10 here. So What’s the PSAT 10? You’ve probably heard of the PSAT NMSQT – it’s the practice SAT that also gives juniors a chance to qualify for the National Merit competition. (Read more about National Merit over here.) So what is the PSAT 10? Like its name implies, the PSAT 10 is another practice SAT. It has SAT question types and the same content: Reading, Writing, and Math. But the PSAT 10 is specifically designed for sophomores, whereas the PSAT NMSQT is written with juniors in mind. We’ll go over some of the similarities and differences between the tests to help you decide which one to take. Similarities Between the Tests There are more similarities than differences between the PSAT 10 and the PSAT NMSQT. Both tests are SAT practice tests. That means both are shorter than the â€Å"real† SAT but contain similar question types to help you prepare for it. The timing of the tests is also the same. Both the PSAT 10 and PSAT NMSQT are two hours and 45 minutes long. The Reading section is 60 minutes and has 47 questions. The Writing section is 35 minutes long and has 44 questions. And finally, the Math section is 70 minutes long and has 48 questions. And while two hours and 45 minutes is a long time, it's a walk in the park compared to the marathon experience that is the SAT. Both tests present each sub-area (Math, Writing, and Reading) as a single section, like the SAT. Additionally, neither test has an essay, unlike the SAT. Both tests are primarily designed to introduce students to SAT content, so the question types and content are very similar to the SAT. However, both tests are easier than the real SAT. The Math section won’t be as difficult (expect less trigonometry, plus easier geometry and algebra questions), the Reading passages will not include college-level texts, and the Writing section will have more straightforward passages. The two tests also have the same scoring scale: you will be scored between 320-1520 for PSAT 10 and PSAT NMSQT, as compared to 400-1600 for the â€Å"real† SAT. This comes out to between 160 and 760 per section. Differences Between the Tests There are two differences between PSAT 10 and PSAT NMSQT: The first is difficulty. The PSAT 10 is designed for sophomores, and PSAT NMSQT is designed for juniors, so the PSAT NMSQT is slightly harder. Unfortunately, while College Board has released some specifications as to what the new SAT and PSAT questions will be like, they haven’t gone into detail about how the difficulty level varies between tests. In general, you can expect the PSAT NMSQT to have harder math including geometry and trigonometry, reading passages designed for 11th graders as opposed to 10th graders, and trickier grammar rules. For a more detailed breakdown of what you can expect on the PSAT 10, see our post. The second difference between the tests is the National Merit Competition. Only taking the PSAT NMSQT during your junior year can qualify you for the National Merit competition. Taking the PSAT 10 will never qualify you for National Merit, even if you take it as a junior. And taking the PSAT NMSQT in any year other than your junior year will also not qualify you, even if you get a high enough score. If you’re hoping to qualify for National Merit, that goal will be a pretty big part of your decision between the two tests. We’ll look at both your options in detail and help you decide which test to take. Should I Take PSAT 10 or PSAT NMSQT? This advice varies by grade level, so find your current grade below to get our advice. The College Board recommends that juniors take the PSAT NMSQT, sophomores take the PSAT 10, and freshmen take the PSAT 8/9 (yep, there is yet another version of the PSAT designed for even younger students!). We’ll go over some reasons why you might want to take a different PSAT level than College Board recommends. Get a step ahead. Decision for Seniors You should not be taking any version of the PSAT at this point! Study for the SAT! Decision for Juniors The vast majority of juniors should take the PSAT NMSQT if they take any version of the PSAT. Even if your school allows students to take the PSAT 10 as a junior, the NMSQT is your best bet. Even if you think you won’t do well, this is your shot at qualifying for National Merit, so you might as well take it. Plus, regardless of how well you do, the PSAT gives you practice for actual SAT questions – and the PSAT NMSQT is the hardest PSAT you can take. That means it’s a great way to either jump-start your SAT studying, or continue it if you’ve already begun. You can use your PSAT score to help create goals and guidelines for your SAT studying. (Read more about how to get the most out of your PSAT score here.) This can help you get the best possible score on the SAT, which opens doors to selective colleges and scholarships. In rare cases a junior might consider the PSAT 10 – since it’s slightly easier, it might be a good option if you’re an English Language Learner and want an easier introduction to the SAT (particularly the reading section), or if you’re seriously behind in one subject. The PSAT 10 will still introduce you to SAT content and question types and help prepare you for the SAT. If you’re a junior but think you might benefit from a slightly easier introduction to the SAT, talk to your guidance counselor to see if your school will let you take the PSAT 10 instead of the SAT NMSQT. Want to improve your PSAT score by 150 points? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Decision for Sophomores Sophomore year is the year you will probably have the hardest time deciding which test to take. You could feasibly take either the PSAT 10 or PSAT NMSQT, depending on your goals. I called College Board and verified that sophomores can take the PSAT NMSQT as long as it’s ok with their high schools. So make sure to double check with your guidance counselor whether or not you can take the PSAT NMSQT as a sophomore before proceeding! Take the PSAT NMSQT If: You’re a high-achieving student aiming to get into Ivy Leagues or similarly competitive schools. You’re aiming for a National Merit Scholarship. You have any previous exposure to high-stakes testing (for example you took the ACT/SAT for a talent competition in middle school, you took AP tests freshman year, or you have already taken the PSAT in some form). Why is the PSAT NMSQT better for high-achieving tenth graders? Because taking the PSAT NMSQT gives you more rigorous SAT practice early on, and increases your chances of doing well enough on the PSAT NMSQT to qualify for National Merit your junior year. I actually took the PSAT NMSQT as a sophomore (this was long before PSAT 10 existed). Although my scores were much lower sophomore year than junior year, having that extra practice run helped me score well enough junior year to qualify for National Merit since I knew what was coming for me junior year. While you can definitely get good practice with the PSAT 10, getting previous exposure to the National Merit qualifying test can be more helpful. Take the PSAT 10 If: You’re not aiming for a top 20 school but you’re still looking to score well enough on the SAT to get into other good colleges and/or get scholarships. You don’t have any previous exposure to high-stakes testing and want an easier introduction to SAT content and question types. In terms of qualifying for National Merit, keep in mind that you can take the PSAT 10 and still study for the PSAT NMSQT for junior year. However, you should study extra hard to be prepared for the slightly harder PSAT NMSQT in junior year. Decision for Freshmen For freshmen, the choice is between the PSAT 10 and PSAT 8/9 (The PSAT 8/9 is an easier version of the PSAT 10 and PSAT NMSQT, with very similar question types and content). The PSAT NMSQT will likely have content beyond your reach and be frustrating. It will be more productive for freshmen to take a test designed for their grade level, or close to it. You’ll still get excellent practice on the PSAT 10 and PSAT 8/9 and build up to take the PSAT NMSQT for the first time sophomore year. Take the PSAT 10 If: You’re a high-achieving student aiming for a top college. You took the PSAT 8/9 in eighth grade and want a bigger challenge. You have past exposure to high-stakes testing (for example, you took the SAT or ACT for a talent competition in middle school, or tested into a competitive school or gifted program). Take the PSAT 8/9 If: You haven’t taken the PSAT 8/9 before. You don’t have any exposure to high-stakes tests yet. You want an introduction to the SAT without quite as much stress. Though College Board has yet to invent a stress-free test. Maybe that will be in the next batch of assessments. And remember, if you're just a freshmen, qualifying for National Merit and taking the real SAT aren't immediate concerns. Whichever test you take, remember that it's just practice. And focus on doing well in your core classes, especially math and language arts, so you can build the skills you'll need to do well on the SAT in a few years' time. Bottom Line The PSAT NMSQT, PSAT 10, and PSAT 8/9 are all quite similar - their only difference is the slightly ramped up difficulty for each successive test. That means each test is going to give you excellent practice for the real SAT. You should aim to take the harder test for your grade level (PSAT NMSQT in 10th grade, PSAT 10 in 9th grade) if you are set on getting a National Merit scholarship and/or getting into a top college. Otherwise, taking the test designed for your grade level is a great way to get introduced to the SAT and prepare for the college admissions process. What’s Next? The PSAT 10 and PSAT 8/9 were created as part of an expanded line of SAT assessments, including the new SAT. Read about the new SAT to get a detailed breakdown of what it tests and how it asks questions – these specifications apply to all the new SAT assessments. Early achievers, are you already thinking about when to take the SAT? Learn the optimal time in your high school career to take the SAT. Also hoping to fit in AP or IB courses to your high school career? Read about how many AP courses you should take and the difference between AP and IB. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: